Sunday, June 23, 2024

The Internet of Bodies (IoB) and Death Investigations

Dr. Frank Kardasz, June 23, 2024.

Editor: Ava Gozo.  

The Internet of Bodies (IoB) represents a significant advancement in medical technology, integrating devices such as pacemakers, defibrillators, insulin pumps, neurological implants, and cochlear implants with the internet to monitor and improve health outcomes. However, this integration also introduces substantial risks related to hacking, malicious actors, and electromagnetic interference (EMI). These risks have significant implications for law enforcement and insurance investigators in cases of unknown deaths.


Security Risks and Hacking

IoB devices are vulnerable to cyberattacks due to their constant internet connectivity. Hackers can potentially gain control over these devices, leading to dire consequences. For instance, in 2017, researchers demonstrated that insulin pumps could be hacked to alter dosages, posing severe health risks. Similarly, pacemakers and defibrillators can be manipulated to deliver inappropriate shocks or fail to function when needed, endangering patients' lives. Cochlear implants, which help individuals with severe hearing loss, are also susceptible to hacking. Malicious actors could potentially disable the device, causing deafness, or manipulate the sound processor to alter what the user hears, which could go unnoticed by the user.

The security vulnerabilities of these devices stem from several factors:

  • Lack of Robust Security Protocols: Many medical devices lack the advanced security measures found in other computerized systems, making them easier targets for cyberattacks. Early pacemakers where not sufficiently shielded from radio frequency interference and thus exposed the patients to hazards.
  • Data Encryption Issues: Due to size and power constraints, many IoB devices have limited data encryption capabilities, increasing the risk of data breaches and unauthorized access.
  • Outdated Software: A significant number of medical devices operate on outdated software, which is more susceptible to hacking.

Electromagnetic and Radio Frequency Interference

IoB devices are also susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency (RF) interference, which can disrupt their functionality. Common sources of EMI include:

  • Household Electronics: Devices such as cell phones, portable music players, and even certain types of headphones can interfere with the operation of pacemakers and defibrillators. Cochlear implants can also experience interference from digital cellular phones, which can affect the clarity and quality of sound received by the user[1].
  • Medical Equipment: Procedures involving MRI, CT scans, and radiofrequency ablation can interfere with the functioning of implanted devices, necessitating careful management and sometimes reprogramming of the devices before and after such procedures[2].
  • Industrial Equipment: Tools like welding irons and arc welders can cause significant EMI, posing risks to individuals with implanted devices in industrial settings[3].

Malicious Actors and Biohacking

The potential for biohacking—where malicious actors intentionally disrupt or manipulate IoB devices—poses a severe threat. This could range from altering device settings to cause harm to using the devices for espionage or sabotage. The concept of "remote assassinations" using hacked pacemakers or defibrillators has been discussed as a real possibility, highlighting the need for stringent security measures. Cochlear implants, if hacked, could be used to eavesdrop on conversations, turning the device into a covert listening tool[4].

Implications for Law Enforcement and Insurance Investigators

In cases of unknown deaths, law enforcement and insurance investigators should consider the following aspects related to IoB devices:

  • Device Logs and Data: Investigators should examine the logs and data from IoB devices to identify any anomalies or unauthorized access that could indicate tampering or hacking.
  • Software and Firmware Analysis: Analyzing the software and firmware of the devices can reveal vulnerabilities or signs of malicious code that may have been introduced.
  • EMI Sources: Investigators should identify potential sources of EMI in the environment that could have interfered with the device's operation.
  • Network Security: Assessing the security of the network to which the IoB device was connected can help determine if there were any breaches or unauthorized access points.
  • Expert Consultation: Engaging cybersecurity experts and medical device specialists can provide deeper insights into potential vulnerabilities and the likelihood of device manipulation.

Mitigation Strategies

To mitigate these risks, several strategies can be employed:

  • Enhanced Security Protocols: Implementing robust security measures, including advanced encryption and regular software updates, can help protect IoB devices from cyberattacks.
  • Regulatory Frameworks: Developing comprehensive cybersecurity frameworks and regulations, such as those proposed by the FDA, can ensure that manufacturers adhere to high security standards[7].
  • Public Awareness and Education: Educating patients and healthcare providers about the potential risks and safe practices can help minimize exposure to EMI and reduce the likelihood of successful cyberattacks.

Conclusion

While the Internet of Bodies offers significant benefits for healthcare, it also introduces new vulnerabilities that must be addressed. Ensuring the security and reliability of IoB devices requires a multifaceted approach, including technological advancements, regulatory oversight, and public education. By addressing these challenges, we can harness the potential of IoB while safeguarding the health and privacy of individuals. Law enforcement and insurance investigators must be vigilant in considering these factors in unknown death cases to ensure comprehensive and accurate investigations.

References:

Citations:
[1] https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/arrhythmia/prevention--treatment-of-arrhythmia/devices-that-may-interfere-with-icds-and-pacemakers
[2] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8081063/
[3] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6365808/
[4] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24033373/
[5] https://www.cpomagazine.com/data-privacy/internet-of-bodies-the-privacy-and-security-implications/
[6] https://www.rand.org/pubs/articles/2020/the-internet-of-bodies-will-change-everything-for-better-or-worse.html
[7] https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-products/radiation-safety/electromagnetic-compatibility-emc
[8] https://itrexgroup.com/blog/internet-of-behaviors-what-it-is-and-how-it-could-impact-your-business/
[9] https://www.bbntimes.com/technology/dark-side-of-the-internet-of-things-iot
[10] https://www.linkedin.com/posts/bridgeheadit_the-unique-cyber-vulnerabilities-of-medical-activity-7130209428120735745-KgPs

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